A comprehensive investigation by The New York Times has unveiled Telegram’s troubling role as a major platform for illicit activities, including child sexual abuse, terrorism, drug trafficking, and disinformation. The four-month inquiry, which scrutinized over 3.2 million messages across 16,000 channels, highlights the app’s transformation into a haven for criminal and extremist behavior. Despite these revelations, Telegram’s founder, Pavel Durov, continues to downplay the app’s responsibility in moderating harmful content.
A Magnet for Criminal and Extremist Activities
Telegram has increasingly attracted white supremacist groups, drug dealers, arms traffickers, and terrorist organizations. The investigation identified 1,500 channels managed by white supremacists, rallying nearly one million followers globally. Channels selling weapons and drugs, including MDMA, heroin, and cocaine, were also uncovered, with these substances being advertised for delivery to over 20 countries.
Terrorist groups like Hamas and ISIS have leveraged Telegram for propaganda and recruitment. Following the October 7, 2023, attacks on Israel, over 40 Hamas-related channels saw an explosion in viewership, totaling more than 400 million views that month. Telegram has thus become a critical tool for these groups to disseminate content and expand their influence.
Regulatory Challenges for Authorities
Telegram’s unique features and its reluctance to cooperate with law enforcement have created substantial challenges for regulators. Rebecca Weiner, the NYPD’s deputy commissioner for intelligence and counterterrorism, labeled Telegram as the “most popular place for ill-intentioned, violent actors.” Operating out of Dubai, Telegram functions with minimal regard for international regulations, giving it a stateless quality.
Pavel Durov, Telegram’s founder, faced legal trouble in France in 2023 for allegedly failing to cooperate with law enforcement and for involvement in crimes related to child sexual abuse material and drug trafficking. This stance contrasts sharply with other social media platforms like Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok, which have established divisions to handle such issues. Telegram’s persistent refusal to assist authorities has drawn widespread criticism.
Features Fueling Criminal Activity
Telegram’s distinctive features, such as channels and supergroups, significantly contribute to its role in criminal activities. Channels allow users to broadcast messages and share media with vast audiences, sometimes reaching up to 200,000 people. This has made Telegram a hotspot for illegal trade, disinformation, and extremist content.
Unlike WhatsApp, which limits group sizes and controls link sharing to mitigate harmful content, Telegram has expanded its group size limits, attracting a range of undesirable users. This expansion has made Telegram a go-to platform for extremist groups and disinformation spreaders.
Moderation Efforts and Challenges
Despite growing pressure from governments and tech giants like Apple and Google, Telegram’s response to curbing illegal content remains limited. The company claims to remove millions of harmful posts and channels daily, but critics argue that these measures are inadequate. With a small team of full-time employees and only a few hundred contractors, Telegram’s moderation efforts often fall short.
While Telegram does respond to demands from Apple and Google—both of which have the power to remove the app from their stores—the restrictions imposed are often minimal. In some cases, users are directed to alternative versions of the app where moderation is less stringent, allowing continued access to harmful content.
The Path Forward for Telegram
Telegram’s dual role as a vital communication tool in authoritarian regimes and a hub for criminal networks continues to raise concerns. With nearly one billion users, the platform’s influence is significant. The European Union is considering stricter regulations under the Digital Services Act, which could compel Telegram to enforce more rigorous content moderation.
However, Durov’s defense of Telegram’s commitment to privacy and free speech complicates these efforts. While the platform offers uncensored access to information, this freedom has led to real-world consequences, including violence and extremist proliferation.
