The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) has filed a lawsuit against major U.S. banks JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, and Wells Fargo over fraud concerns on the Zelle payment network. The lawsuit, filed in Arizona’s U.S. District Court, alleges widespread customer losses due to inadequate fraud prevention.
“The nation’s largest banks felt threatened by competing payment apps, so they rushed to put out Zelle,” said CFPB Director Rohit Chopra. “By their failing to put in place proper safeguards, Zelle became a gold mine for fraudsters, while often leaving victims to fend for themselves.”
Launched in 2017, Zelle was created by Early Warning Services (EWS), a company jointly owned by seven major banks, to compete with services like Venmo and CashApp. EWS, also named in the lawsuit, defended itself through spokesperson Jane Khodos, who stated, “The CFPB’s attacks on Zelle are legally and factually flawed, and the timing of this lawsuit appears to be driven by political factors unrelated to Zelle.” She warned the lawsuit would “embolden criminals, cost consumers more in fees, stifle small businesses, and make it harder for thousands of community banks and credit unions to compete.”
CFPB Targets Zelle Over $870M
JPMorgan criticized the CFPB’s approach, with a spokesperson stating it was “a stunning demonstration of regulation by enforcement, skirting the required rulemaking process.” Bank of America’s representative, Naomi Patton, simply noted, “When a client has an issue, we work directly with them.” Wells Fargo has not commented on the lawsuit.
The scale of the alleged fraud is substantial. According to the lawsuit, Bank of America customers lost over $290 million, Chase clients over $360 million, and Wells Fargo customers over $220 million. The CFPB claims the network’s design made it vulnerable to bad actors, with insufficient measures to detect or remove them.
Lawsuit Challenges Zelle Fraud Prevention Measures  Â
Zelle’s reach is significant, with more than 2,200 financial institutions offering access to its network. In the first half of 2024, its 143 million users conducted 1.7 billion transactions, making it one of America’s leading payment platforms.
The lawsuit follows earlier scrutiny of the platform. In August, several banks disclosed the CFPB’s investigation into their Zelle-related practices. At a May hearing, National Consumers League Vice President John Breyault testified that fraud levels on the platform were “unacceptably high.” Projections suggest total fraud on Zelle could exceed $1 billion annually by next year.
Early Warning has recently highlighted its anti-fraud efforts amid increasing regulatory pressure. Despite Zelle’s growing transaction volume, which reached $806 billion last year, the company reports that scam and fraud incidents decreased by almost 50%. EWS maintains that 99.95% of payments were processed without fraud reports.
The lawsuit represents a significant challenge to the banking industry’s peer-to-peer payment system and raises questions about the responsibility of financial institutions in preventing digital payment fraud. As digital payments continue to grow, the outcome of this case could set important precedents for fraud prevention and consumer protection in the financial technology sector.
